Doing Ethics Technique - 4045 Words

AJIS vol. 10 no. 2 May 2003 DOING ETHICS: A UNIVERSAL TECHNIQUE IN AN ACCESSIBILITY CONTEXT Christopher R. Simpson1, Liddy Nevile2, Oliver K. Burmeister3 1 Adjunct Teaching Fellow, School of Information Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia, E-mail: csimpson@swin.edu.au; 2 E-mail: Liddy.Nevile@motile.net; 3 Swinburne Computer-Human Interaction Laboratory, School of Information Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia, E-mail: oburmeister@it.swin.edu.au; ABSTRACT Thinking ethically is difficult without a background in moral philosophy. Asking people to embrace ethics without offering practical explanation of the efficacy of so doing, is a thankless task. A technique that people can follow easily,†¦show more content†¦127 AJIS vol. 10 no. 2 May 2003 The doing ethics technique The technique of analysis depends upon asking questions. It has been found that the order in which the questions are asked is also important. The following questions, in this order, have been found to work best (through trial and error over many semesters). Q1 What is going on? – What are the facts? Q2 What are the issues? Q3 Who is affected? Q4 hence, What are the ethical issues and implications? Q5 What can be done about it? - What options are there? and Q6 Which option is best? – and Why? Benefits An injunction to think ethically about a situation is not helpful. Perhaps if one has a background in moral philosophy this would work, but usually both students and IT professionals require some form of guidance as to how to achieve an appropriate outcome. The technique has proven itself as a means to achieving this, at least for PIIT students. This approach is not dependent on a particular standard, such as the code of ethics of a particular pro fessional society. It is a technique that can be applied in a variety of circumstances, not limited by technological, cultural or religious background. The approach is not limited by ones moral philosophy. One can use this technique effectively and be an objectivist, holding that certain moral truths remain good independently of personal likes and dislikes, or a relativist, holding that truths are relative to the individualShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of An Ethical Dilemma Using The Doing Ethics Technique Essay2122 Words   |  9 Pages Assessment 1 – Doing Ethics Technique TITLE An analysis of an ethical dilemma using the Doing Ethics Technique (DET) SUB TITLE NAME Stewart Armstrong STUDENT ID 11206102 EMAIL CONTACT stewart@thearmstrongs.net December 2015 Table of Contents 1. The Analysis 3 2. The Reference List 7 â€Æ' 1. The Analysis There is more public support for marijuana law reform than ever before with new polls showing more than half the country is in favor of legalizingRead MoreA Case Study Involving A Counselor Who Violates The American Counseling Association Code Of Ethics998 Words   |  4 Pagesrespecting their client. 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Descriptive Essay On Velvet - 1111 Words

Antonio Noyola Velvet I sit upright, gasping, trying to remember where I am and how I got here. Wherever I am is pitch black As I search my mind, I hear a groan from nearby. I look in the direction it came from, and make out through the darkness the shape of a teenage human lying on the ground, bleeding. Josh. All of a sudden his name comes to me. I realize I don’t remember my own name. Josh’s eyes are shut. Soon my eyes began to adjust to the darkness. I see that we appear to be in a large room with nice, wood and velvet furniture. There is no entrance or exit. Josh make a noise, so I turn and see that he’s awake. He looks at me and asks me where we are, but because I don’t know myself, I don’t answer. I look at a paint on the wall of a†¦show more content†¦As soon as I leave the room, a black blade slices through the darkness a cuts my head off. I wake up in a dark room full of broken pieces of wooden furniture and velvet cushions. I realize I have forgotten most of my memory. I think to myself what truths I know. My name is Rose. I am nine years old. My mother died In a car crash. I live with my dad and my brother. I try to recall my brother’s name. Johnathan? Jim? James? But I can’t seem to remember. I try to see if there is an exit to this dark room, but I cannot locate a door. I here a groan in the distance, I consider shouting for help but I decide against it. I look at the destroyed furniture and notice that there is a single, unbroken chair in the heap of debris. As soon as I glance at it, I feel the sudden, crazy urge to sit in it, so I slowly walk over to the chair. As I get closer to the chair, I notice that a message is carved into it, and the letters glow red. Et occious est. At first it confuses me, but the the meaning hits me. I was murders. A scream builds up in my lungs and I let it loose, shrieking as loud as I can. A voice rings inside of my head. Hello young one. I slammed into the walls by an unknown f orce. I try to scream, but black smoke enters my lungs, filling them, trying to make the burst. I feel my body start to shut down as I begin to slip into unconsciousness. I try to scream again, but instead the noise that came out of my mouth was crazed, insane laughter, and with eachShow MoreRelatedMy Pet Dog994 Words   |  4 PagesMy Pet Dog My buddy, pet, and wildest friend, is the muse to my descriptive essay. My bulldog, Bibson, has been with my family for 3 years now and is striking in many ways that are amazing and interesting. To properly visualize this animal, someone must first know that he is a full bred male American Bulldog and, true to the breed, is almost completely snow white. 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Protect Our Mother Nature Free Essays

string(102) " who will ensure safety and grant all desires, the journal also shows nature as generally inevitable\." PROTECT OUR MOTHER NATURE Repeatedly in history, conceptions of nature have served as ideological justifications for political theory. The most obvious example is the Hobbesian state of nature against which even the most oppressive government appears perfectly legitimate. Whereas in most cases of political theory, nature looks like an incompetent savage or unreliable tramp, some anarchist lines of argument instead offer versions of nature as infinite, loving, or otherwise better than the artifices to which it is implicitly opposed. We will write a custom essay sample on Protect Our Mother Nature or any similar topic only for you Order Now Whether for or against nature, depictions of the natural world in political theory consider it in cultural units of meaning, a combination of icons and stereotypes that change not only our understanding of nature, but also of the units of meaning being referenced. In the early twentieth century journal Mother Earth, a construction of nature comes together, in a publication interested mostly in anarchist and feminist goals, that worshipped nature as a huge, consuming, feminine super being. Certain traits in the construction of nature in this journal form an account of nature as a particular type of femininity to be admired, a move laden both with direct strategic value and creeping implications for the idealizations of womanhood. In order to establish the desirability of the journal’s goal of a world without artificial systems of control, the opposition of nature and artifice is a crucial first step. While it may seem tempting to define these terms, this neglects the primary function of both as catchalls with nebulous referents and amorphous structure defined only by their opposition to one another. The process of dividing the categories begins in the very first issue of the publication, in the foundational article †Mother Earth†. The article mythologizes that â€Å"Man issued from the womb of Mother Earth †¦ out of his efforts there arose the dreary doctrine that he was not related to the Earth, that she was but a temporary resting place for his scornful feet and that she held nothing for him but temptation to degrade himself. † This creation story of the present political situation clearly opposes the natural, which was original, to the artificial, which is only an egoistic and recent edifice. Nature as mother, of course, means artifice must be opposed, and thus becomes child, making the entirety of the anarchist argument parallel to motherly chastisement. In the same issue, â€Å"Without Government† bemoans government solutions as inevitably late and insubstantial, suggesting an analogy with illness where â€Å"the symptom of the disease was hidden† and only on its appearance would the government act. In this metaphor, artificial solutions to the world’s problems are only attacks on a flurry of symptoms as they slowly manifest themselves in increasingly visible ways, thus the profound animosity the journal expresses towards ‘Comstockery’. Regulation of sexuality becomes a direct example of the child trying to limit what mother had given to her children. Volume three number five offers an analogy for group resistance of bees on a tree branch, â€Å"it is only needful that one bee spread its wings, rise and fly, and after it the second, the third, the tenth, the hundredth, for the immobile hanging mass to become a freely flying swarm of bees. † The writing makes humans already bees in a thoroughly naturalized world upon which systems of domination such as the state and religion have only been imposed in a superficial sense. All we need to do, in this account, is realize the situation, and spread our wingsto fly back into an expansive and beautiful nature. This fetishization of nature provides a clear contrast between the world of that which the anarchafeminist politics of the publication oppose and the ‘real’ world of nature that underlies and surrounds the injustices of artificial living. The question then becomes, in order to prove the insufficiency and downright failures of artifice by comparison, what is the character of nature? To begin with, nature is big. In the first issue’s article â€Å"Mother Earth†, the history of the world seems laid out in a quasi-mythical tale. â€Å"Earth was but one of a myriad of stars floating in infinite space. † The whole of the universe, with which nature remains implicitly identified, exceeds our abilities to measure, let alone comprehend – a myriad in infinity. Even in this cosmic understanding, that which is natural and surrounded is still itself huge. In an article in the first issue called â€Å"Try Love†, the argument concludes, â€Å"Let us be broad and big. Let us not overlook vital things, because of the bulk of trifles confronting us. The natural is large; problems from artifice can be numerous, but each is only of trifling size – thousands of children surrounding one huge mother. Beyond being large to begin with, the maniacal focus in the publication on freeing nature and being freed into nature also revolves around a hope for future growth. As if â €˜we’ were already failing to be â€Å"broad and big† enough, â€Å"The Tragedy of Women’s Emancipation† proclaims: â€Å"Salvation lies in an energetic march onwards towards a brighter and clearer future. We are in need of unhampered growth out of old traditions and habits† as if nature and life in nature knew no limits. The image is of not just a sprouting weed, but a whole forest growing out of a street. This rhetorical strategy of associating the concept of nature so crucial to driving the arguments of the journal with hugeness seems strangely sympathetic with and to industrializing urges of the time. The conflict between the temptations of big machines with big outputs and direct material gain versus little anarchic communities with little to offer but some vague sense of satisfaction can finally be resolved in an anarchy run by a big nature figure, a loving cow mother replaces the cruel leviathan father. This solution gives all the benefits and reassurance of something so-big-it-must-work and avoids all the downfalls readers would consider so endemic to ‘modernization’ . Beyond simple scale, nature is inescapable. While a big nature appeals to childlike demand for an oversized mother who will ensure safety and grant all desires, the journal also shows nature as generally inevitable. You read "Protect Our Mother Nature" in category "Essay examples" Relying on one of many references to scientific certainty, â€Å"Liberty†, in the second volume, issue number three, reminds us: â€Å"the natural law of a social organism is as certain as, though less known than, the force of gravity. Like the latter it antedates, and is independent of, our knowledge of its existence, or of the law of its operation. † The natural law, suggesting the order inherent in ‘free’ ways of life, does not even need to be proven preferable to artificial laws so long as it is inevitable, the rhetoric suggests. No matter how much one tries to fight it, they can only impede the natural order of things, but never change it. Indeed, this sentiment, in argument form, makes up the bulk of the rest of the article. The natural law not only frames what is and is not tyranny, but even ‘proves’ the futility of passing any laws through the government. And men, brought up in law-abiding communities in the deepest respect for the law, will, under the changed conditions of life, not merely condone the infliction of a penalty in excess of that provided by law, but will themselves assist, virtuously satisfied with their conduct because the society of which they form a part has decided that horse-stealing shall be so punished. On the other hand, there are numerous laws on the statute books, still unrepealed and unenforceable because the acts treated of are no longer held to be offences against morality. In other words, the morals of a people can be regulated only by themselves. The trick is very simple, if a law is natural there is no reason to legislate about it, and if it is not natural no one will obey it. The rhetorical construction of nature as unavoidable already renders artifice more than avoidable – it is always already avoided. Rhetorical implications become argument: it would be impossible to describe any part of government’s power as belonging to government itself, because people only act based on nature. The closest government comes to legislation in this model is to prescribe behavior people already exhibit. The gist of this construction of nature is most clear in the case of a poem in volume three, number two entitled â€Å"The King†. In it, a dead king rots in nature, covered in lizards and â€Å"vile spineless things†, literally consumed by the overpowering feminine in his afterlife. â€Å"Faith lit his pathway with her loveliness; / Fair Hope’s voice called him from his barren fen; Love vainly strove to lure him with her grace. † As a feminine entity, nature is here the omnipresent mother, she tracks down her children and is always there for them to return to. Inescapable nature not only sets up a comparison in which government and artifice can never win, but simultaneously constructs the role of a feminine presence that is ineradicable and impossible to resist. The good mother must be always present and forever accepting of even her most lost children. Also, nature has youthful beauty. In the first issue of Mother Earth, the flagship article explains the history of nature in terms that make Earth unmistakably a young mother, â€Å"she renewed herself, the good mother, and came again each Spring, radiant with youthful beauty, beckoning her children to come to her bosom and partake of her bounty. Nature’s youth not only implies a relative trait against which all human-made construction can never appear more – almost sexually – attractive. The attempt to make nature look nice is nowhere so transparent as in this attempt to cast it as actually young and beautiful. Indeed, even its temporary failings can be excused by Ear th’s renewal each spring. If some part of nature is dangerous or undesirable, it will soon be corrected in the regular course of the seasons. In volume five, number six, â€Å"The Esthetic Side of Jewtown† explains, Life is too strenuous in Jewtown to preserve the bloom of youth. Among the younger ones there are some who are very beautiful beneath their coating of filth, with the clove skin and large, soft, black eyes. They give themselves a coquettish appearance. The truly horrid part of life in the Ghetto, we learn, is that it covers or takes away the natural beauty of women. Artifice cannot destroy nature, because nature is big and inescapable, but it can blemish its beauty temporarily. This identification of nature with youth and beauty combined with the opposition of nature and the state sell anarchism almost exactly the way one might sell diet soda: government is actually too ugly to appreciate, gorgeous young women prefer anarchy. In classic advertising style, Mother Earth also describes nature as saturated with love. In the first issue, when describing a budding relationship crushed by the coldness of artifice and modern living, â€Å"The Tragedy of Women’s Emancipation† explains that â€Å"poetry and the enthusiasm of love cover their blushing faces before the pure beauty of the lady. Her admirer] silences the voice of his nature and remains correct. † The article condemns his correctitude as exactly the basic problem of modern living – its disconnect from love and contact. Tragically, the beauty of the lady, just as that of the kindly mother Earth, has been tainted to block the â€Å"poetry† and â€Å"enthusiasm of loveâ₠¬  the article considers natural. In contrast to the authentic state of love the various ‘systems’ of which anarchism complains give us poor simulations of affection: marriage and the nuclear family. In volume 3, number five, the article â€Å"Light and Shadows in the Life of an Avant-Gard†, we learn The poor women, thousands of them, abused, insulted, and outraged by their precious husbands, must continue a life of degradation. They have no money to join the colony in Reno. No relief for them. The poor women, the slaves of the slaves, must go on prostituting themselves. They must continue to bear children in hate, in conflict, in physical horror. The marriage institution and the â€Å"sanctity of the home† are only for those who have not the money to buy themselves free from both, even as the chattel slave from his master. Nature offers real love, civilization offers a slavery titled love. These stark terms of opposition function to set up an understanding of a loving motherly nature that makes it obviously superior to the uncaring childlike cruelties that comprise the artificial world. As is often thought, nature is also connected with freedom. It is quite arbitrary to say that those things to which a life in ‘nature’ is conducive represent the content of freedom. For instance, in nature one is not free to vote or go to work, and yet this is considered irrelevant to questions of liberty. In volume two, number three, of Mother Earth, the article â€Å"Liberty† proclaims that â€Å"whatever may be the form of social institutions, if it does no more than to declare and enforce well-known rules of natural justice, then I am free. † The simplistic opposition between the compromises of ‘artificial’ life and the freedom of nature is best exemplified in the pithy quote â€Å"Liberty escaped into the wilderness† from the journal’s founding article. This unbounded freedom seems excessively unrealistic as a description of a mother, and yet it is precisely the freedom that mothers lacked that the journal constructs nature as having in spades. At the same time, the infinite youth, beauty, and inescapable freedom in and of nature primarily complement its fundamentally orderly state. Perhaps in one of the most bizarre fixations of anarchist literature, the journal seems careful to point out the extreme orderliness of life in anarchy. In this kind of reconciliation of total freedom and total justice one can actually see the neurosis of liberalism tentatively suggest what it most wishes simply come true: good freedom and good order. The very first issue, in the rticle â€Å"Without Government† we are told that, there are qualities present in man, which permit the possibilities of social life, organization, and co-operative work without the application of force. Such qualities are solidarity, common action, and love of justice. To-day they are either crippled [sic] or made ineffective through the influence of compulsion; they can hardly be fully unfolded in a society in which groups, classes, and individuals are placed i n hostile, irreconcilable opposition to one another Again, like an orderly housewife, nature maintains a world that works, but without even so much as a broom. Instead, nature works through qualities always already present in people, as natural beings. It is through this sort of argument that anarchism can define government into such a position that it doesn’t even make sense to consider, having already had all its greatest advantages stolen over to the side of nature. Simultaneously, nature’s great assets will be willingly sacrificed to her children in cheerful martyrdom. Like the constructed role of a ‘good mother’, nature â€Å"sees the bleeding feet of her children †¦ hears their moans, and she is ever calling to them that she is theirs† beginning in the founding article of Mother Earth. The article continues to encourage the exploitation of nature because nature is asking for it, here with increasingly vivid maternal imagery. Mother Earth keeps sources of vast wealth hidden within the folds of her ample bosom, extended her inviting and hospitable arms to all those who came to her from arbitrary and despotic lands–Mother Earth ready to give herself alike to all her children. But soon she was seized by the few, stripped of her freedom, fenced in, a prey to those who were endowed with cunning and unscrupulous shrewdness. The rapaciousness of artifice and modern civilization becomes its primary characteristic when put in the terms of a kindly mother fallen prey to vicious quasi-Oedipal domination. Here, again, the journal’s construction of nature as feminine serves the direct political function of discrediting political opponents such as the state, capitalism, and religion. However, the indirect effect of such a construction may be more historically significant, as the natural world becomes increasingly feminized in particular ways. It is impossible to simply associate nature with feminine, because there is too much to each category. Here the generality is retained on the term of nature – to the degree that it’s distinction from artifice can be kept plausible – and specificity is given to the feminine. Mothers should, in this account, sacrifice everything to their children, no matter how abusive they may be to her. Indeed, every praised trait of Mother Earth is a thinly veiled suggestion for mothers to fulfill. That Mother Earth is huge, inescapable, free and orderly says, at some level, that all good mothers are this way. Thus we end with a political theory laid out in Mother Earth that various artificial systems are bad because they are inferior to a young, beautiful martyr of an omnipresent loving mother who provides both freedom and order. In conclusion, the journal Mother Earth deployed rhetoric in various forms to craft a particular feminine version of nature that explicitly worked to delegitimize particular systems of oppression and implicitly functioned to worship an ideal maternal version of womanhood. The journal’s preoccupation with issues of concern to women, such as marriage, prostitution, birth control, and sexuality coincided with its normalizing urge to encounter (some) people as children of nature who could frolic freely within the limitless provisions of their mother’s great world. However, there are actually two possible roles for a subject here, children or mother herself. Politics and men immediately appear infantilized against the mother of nature, supplying a ready-made excuse and index for predicting their actions as irresponsible yet lovable children, but for many women Mother Earth was not their mother, but to be their role model. Nature was a mother whose private sphere expanded to one large planetary home and material limitations in age and restriction were erased by scientific appeal (and pure fiat) to render life in nature simultaneously completely free and problem-free. As a solution to the troubles of political theory, the journal instead invented a superhero character to replace the tired images of a drudging, used up, and insensitive nature with a glossy new young, beautiful cover girl – Mother Earth. How to cite Protect Our Mother Nature, Essay examples Protect Our Mother Nature Free Essays string(102) " who will ensure safety and grant all desires, the journal also shows nature as generally inevitable\." PROTECT OUR MOTHER NATURE Repeatedly in history, conceptions of nature have served as ideological justifications for political theory. The most obvious example is the Hobbesian state of nature against which even the most oppressive government appears perfectly legitimate. Whereas in most cases of political theory, nature looks like an incompetent savage or unreliable tramp, some anarchist lines of argument instead offer versions of nature as infinite, loving, or otherwise better than the artifices to which it is implicitly opposed. We will write a custom essay sample on Protect Our Mother Nature or any similar topic only for you Order Now Whether for or against nature, depictions of the natural world in political theory consider it in cultural units of meaning, a combination of icons and stereotypes that change not only our understanding of nature, but also of the units of meaning being referenced. In the early twentieth century journal Mother Earth, a construction of nature comes together, in a publication interested mostly in anarchist and feminist goals, that worshipped nature as a huge, consuming, feminine super being. Certain traits in the construction of nature in this journal form an account of nature as a particular type of femininity to be admired, a move laden both with direct strategic value and creeping implications for the idealizations of womanhood. In order to establish the desirability of the journal’s goal of a world without artificial systems of control, the opposition of nature and artifice is a crucial first step. While it may seem tempting to define these terms, this neglects the primary function of both as catchalls with nebulous referents and amorphous structure defined only by their opposition to one another. The process of dividing the categories begins in the very first issue of the publication, in the foundational article †Mother Earth†. The article mythologizes that â€Å"Man issued from the womb of Mother Earth †¦ out of his efforts there arose the dreary doctrine that he was not related to the Earth, that she was but a temporary resting place for his scornful feet and that she held nothing for him but temptation to degrade himself. † This creation story of the present political situation clearly opposes the natural, which was original, to the artificial, which is only an egoistic and recent edifice. Nature as mother, of course, means artifice must be opposed, and thus becomes child, making the entirety of the anarchist argument parallel to motherly chastisement. In the same issue, â€Å"Without Government† bemoans government solutions as inevitably late and insubstantial, suggesting an analogy with illness where â€Å"the symptom of the disease was hidden† and only on its appearance would the government act. In this metaphor, artificial solutions to the world’s problems are only attacks on a flurry of symptoms as they slowly manifest themselves in increasingly visible ways, thus the profound animosity the journal expresses towards ‘Comstockery’. Regulation of sexuality becomes a direct example of the child trying to limit what mother had given to her children. Volume three number five offers an analogy for group resistance of bees on a tree branch, â€Å"it is only needful that one bee spread its wings, rise and fly, and after it the second, the third, the tenth, the hundredth, for the immobile hanging mass to become a freely flying swarm of bees. † The writing makes humans already bees in a thoroughly naturalized world upon which systems of domination such as the state and religion have only been imposed in a superficial sense. All we need to do, in this account, is realize the situation, and spread our wingsto fly back into an expansive and beautiful nature. This fetishization of nature provides a clear contrast between the world of that which the anarchafeminist politics of the publication oppose and the ‘real’ world of nature that underlies and surrounds the injustices of artificial living. The question then becomes, in order to prove the insufficiency and downright failures of artifice by comparison, what is the character of nature? To begin with, nature is big. In the first issue’s article â€Å"Mother Earth†, the history of the world seems laid out in a quasi-mythical tale. â€Å"Earth was but one of a myriad of stars floating in infinite space. † The whole of the universe, with which nature remains implicitly identified, exceeds our abilities to measure, let alone comprehend – a myriad in infinity. Even in this cosmic understanding, that which is natural and surrounded is still itself huge. In an article in the first issue called â€Å"Try Love†, the argument concludes, â€Å"Let us be broad and big. Let us not overlook vital things, because of the bulk of trifles confronting us. The natural is large; problems from artifice can be numerous, but each is only of trifling size – thousands of children surrounding one huge mother. Beyond being large to begin with, the maniacal focus in the publication on freeing nature and being freed into nature also revolves around a hope for future growth. As if â €˜we’ were already failing to be â€Å"broad and big† enough, â€Å"The Tragedy of Women’s Emancipation† proclaims: â€Å"Salvation lies in an energetic march onwards towards a brighter and clearer future. We are in need of unhampered growth out of old traditions and habits† as if nature and life in nature knew no limits. The image is of not just a sprouting weed, but a whole forest growing out of a street. This rhetorical strategy of associating the concept of nature so crucial to driving the arguments of the journal with hugeness seems strangely sympathetic with and to industrializing urges of the time. The conflict between the temptations of big machines with big outputs and direct material gain versus little anarchic communities with little to offer but some vague sense of satisfaction can finally be resolved in an anarchy run by a big nature figure, a loving cow mother replaces the cruel leviathan father. This solution gives all the benefits and reassurance of something so-big-it-must-work and avoids all the downfalls readers would consider so endemic to ‘modernization’ . Beyond simple scale, nature is inescapable. While a big nature appeals to childlike demand for an oversized mother who will ensure safety and grant all desires, the journal also shows nature as generally inevitable. You read "Protect Our Mother Nature" in category "Papers" Relying on one of many references to scientific certainty, â€Å"Liberty†, in the second volume, issue number three, reminds us: â€Å"the natural law of a social organism is as certain as, though less known than, the force of gravity. Like the latter it antedates, and is independent of, our knowledge of its existence, or of the law of its operation. † The natural law, suggesting the order inherent in ‘free’ ways of life, does not even need to be proven preferable to artificial laws so long as it is inevitable, the rhetoric suggests. No matter how much one tries to fight it, they can only impede the natural order of things, but never change it. Indeed, this sentiment, in argument form, makes up the bulk of the rest of the article. The natural law not only frames what is and is not tyranny, but even ‘proves’ the futility of passing any laws through the government. And men, brought up in law-abiding communities in the deepest respect for the law, will, under the changed conditions of life, not merely condone the infliction of a penalty in excess of that provided by law, but will themselves assist, virtuously satisfied with their conduct because the society of which they form a part has decided that horse-stealing shall be so punished. On the other hand, there are numerous laws on the statute books, still unrepealed and unenforceable because the acts treated of are no longer held to be offences against morality. In other words, the morals of a people can be regulated only by themselves. The trick is very simple, if a law is natural there is no reason to legislate about it, and if it is not natural no one will obey it. The rhetorical construction of nature as unavoidable already renders artifice more than avoidable – it is always already avoided. Rhetorical implications become argument: it would be impossible to describe any part of government’s power as belonging to government itself, because people only act based on nature. The closest government comes to legislation in this model is to prescribe behavior people already exhibit. The gist of this construction of nature is most clear in the case of a poem in volume three, number two entitled â€Å"The King†. In it, a dead king rots in nature, covered in lizards and â€Å"vile spineless things†, literally consumed by the overpowering feminine in his afterlife. â€Å"Faith lit his pathway with her loveliness; / Fair Hope’s voice called him from his barren fen; Love vainly strove to lure him with her grace. † As a feminine entity, nature is here the omnipresent mother, she tracks down her children and is always there for them to return to. Inescapable nature not only sets up a comparison in which government and artifice can never win, but simultaneously constructs the role of a feminine presence that is ineradicable and impossible to resist. The good mother must be always present and forever accepting of even her most lost children. Also, nature has youthful beauty. In the first issue of Mother Earth, the flagship article explains the history of nature in terms that make Earth unmistakably a young mother, â€Å"she renewed herself, the good mother, and came again each Spring, radiant with youthful beauty, beckoning her children to come to her bosom and partake of her bounty. Nature’s youth not only implies a relative trait against which all human-made construction can never appear more – almost sexually – attractive. The attempt to make nature look nice is nowhere so transparent as in this attempt to cast it as actually young and beautiful. Indeed, even its temporary failings can be excused by Ear th’s renewal each spring. If some part of nature is dangerous or undesirable, it will soon be corrected in the regular course of the seasons. In volume five, number six, â€Å"The Esthetic Side of Jewtown† explains, Life is too strenuous in Jewtown to preserve the bloom of youth. Among the younger ones there are some who are very beautiful beneath their coating of filth, with the clove skin and large, soft, black eyes. They give themselves a coquettish appearance. The truly horrid part of life in the Ghetto, we learn, is that it covers or takes away the natural beauty of women. Artifice cannot destroy nature, because nature is big and inescapable, but it can blemish its beauty temporarily. This identification of nature with youth and beauty combined with the opposition of nature and the state sell anarchism almost exactly the way one might sell diet soda: government is actually too ugly to appreciate, gorgeous young women prefer anarchy. In classic advertising style, Mother Earth also describes nature as saturated with love. In the first issue, when describing a budding relationship crushed by the coldness of artifice and modern living, â€Å"The Tragedy of Women’s Emancipation† explains that â€Å"poetry and the enthusiasm of love cover their blushing faces before the pure beauty of the lady. Her admirer] silences the voice of his nature and remains correct. † The article condemns his correctitude as exactly the basic problem of modern living – its disconnect from love and contact. Tragically, the beauty of the lady, just as that of the kindly mother Earth, has been tainted to block the â€Å"poetry† and â€Å"enthusiasm of loveâ₠¬  the article considers natural. In contrast to the authentic state of love the various ‘systems’ of which anarchism complains give us poor simulations of affection: marriage and the nuclear family. In volume 3, number five, the article â€Å"Light and Shadows in the Life of an Avant-Gard†, we learn The poor women, thousands of them, abused, insulted, and outraged by their precious husbands, must continue a life of degradation. They have no money to join the colony in Reno. No relief for them. The poor women, the slaves of the slaves, must go on prostituting themselves. They must continue to bear children in hate, in conflict, in physical horror. The marriage institution and the â€Å"sanctity of the home† are only for those who have not the money to buy themselves free from both, even as the chattel slave from his master. Nature offers real love, civilization offers a slavery titled love. These stark terms of opposition function to set up an understanding of a loving motherly nature that makes it obviously superior to the uncaring childlike cruelties that comprise the artificial world. As is often thought, nature is also connected with freedom. It is quite arbitrary to say that those things to which a life in ‘nature’ is conducive represent the content of freedom. For instance, in nature one is not free to vote or go to work, and yet this is considered irrelevant to questions of liberty. In volume two, number three, of Mother Earth, the article â€Å"Liberty† proclaims that â€Å"whatever may be the form of social institutions, if it does no more than to declare and enforce well-known rules of natural justice, then I am free. † The simplistic opposition between the compromises of ‘artificial’ life and the freedom of nature is best exemplified in the pithy quote â€Å"Liberty escaped into the wilderness† from the journal’s founding article. This unbounded freedom seems excessively unrealistic as a description of a mother, and yet it is precisely the freedom that mothers lacked that the journal constructs nature as having in spades. At the same time, the infinite youth, beauty, and inescapable freedom in and of nature primarily complement its fundamentally orderly state. Perhaps in one of the most bizarre fixations of anarchist literature, the journal seems careful to point out the extreme orderliness of life in anarchy. In this kind of reconciliation of total freedom and total justice one can actually see the neurosis of liberalism tentatively suggest what it most wishes simply come true: good freedom and good order. The very first issue, in the rticle â€Å"Without Government† we are told that, there are qualities present in man, which permit the possibilities of social life, organization, and co-operative work without the application of force. Such qualities are solidarity, common action, and love of justice. To-day they are either crippled [sic] or made ineffective through the influence of compulsion; they can hardly be fully unfolded in a society in which groups, classes, and individuals are placed i n hostile, irreconcilable opposition to one another Again, like an orderly housewife, nature maintains a world that works, but without even so much as a broom. Instead, nature works through qualities always already present in people, as natural beings. It is through this sort of argument that anarchism can define government into such a position that it doesn’t even make sense to consider, having already had all its greatest advantages stolen over to the side of nature. Simultaneously, nature’s great assets will be willingly sacrificed to her children in cheerful martyrdom. Like the constructed role of a ‘good mother’, nature â€Å"sees the bleeding feet of her children †¦ hears their moans, and she is ever calling to them that she is theirs† beginning in the founding article of Mother Earth. The article continues to encourage the exploitation of nature because nature is asking for it, here with increasingly vivid maternal imagery. Mother Earth keeps sources of vast wealth hidden within the folds of her ample bosom, extended her inviting and hospitable arms to all those who came to her from arbitrary and despotic lands–Mother Earth ready to give herself alike to all her children. But soon she was seized by the few, stripped of her freedom, fenced in, a prey to those who were endowed with cunning and unscrupulous shrewdness. The rapaciousness of artifice and modern civilization becomes its primary characteristic when put in the terms of a kindly mother fallen prey to vicious quasi-Oedipal domination. Here, again, the journal’s construction of nature as feminine serves the direct political function of discrediting political opponents such as the state, capitalism, and religion. However, the indirect effect of such a construction may be more historically significant, as the natural world becomes increasingly feminized in particular ways. It is impossible to simply associate nature with feminine, because there is too much to each category. Here the generality is retained on the term of nature – to the degree that it’s distinction from artifice can be kept plausible – and specificity is given to the feminine. Mothers should, in this account, sacrifice everything to their children, no matter how abusive they may be to her. Indeed, every praised trait of Mother Earth is a thinly veiled suggestion for mothers to fulfill. That Mother Earth is huge, inescapable, free and orderly says, at some level, that all good mothers are this way. Thus we end with a political theory laid out in Mother Earth that various artificial systems are bad because they are inferior to a young, beautiful martyr of an omnipresent loving mother who provides both freedom and order. In conclusion, the journal Mother Earth deployed rhetoric in various forms to craft a particular feminine version of nature that explicitly worked to delegitimize particular systems of oppression and implicitly functioned to worship an ideal maternal version of womanhood. The journal’s preoccupation with issues of concern to women, such as marriage, prostitution, birth control, and sexuality coincided with its normalizing urge to encounter (some) people as children of nature who could frolic freely within the limitless provisions of their mother’s great world. However, there are actually two possible roles for a subject here, children or mother herself. Politics and men immediately appear infantilized against the mother of nature, supplying a ready-made excuse and index for predicting their actions as irresponsible yet lovable children, but for many women Mother Earth was not their mother, but to be their role model. Nature was a mother whose private sphere expanded to one large planetary home and material limitations in age and restriction were erased by scientific appeal (and pure fiat) to render life in nature simultaneously completely free and problem-free. As a solution to the troubles of political theory, the journal instead invented a superhero character to replace the tired images of a drudging, used up, and insensitive nature with a glossy new young, beautiful cover girl – Mother Earth. How to cite Protect Our Mother Nature, Papers

Economics of Innovation Management

Question: Write an essay on Economics of Innovation? Answer: Introduction Economic is study of the consumption, production and distribution of the goods and services. It is study of the data, chart and pivot table. It shows the how society fulfill their basic need and desire i.e. survival which requires food, clothes and shelter. Economic is depending upon the demand and supply of the goods and services. The economics of standard is study about the role of standard in the competitive process. It helps to industry or organization diffusion. The ole of the standard in the public sector company is to support the standard development of the organization. Diffusion is a hypothesis, which shows the how advancement and new technology spread throughout the cultures and the society. The diffusion explains the why and how practices and new ideas adopted for the spreading for long period. An operating system software components of a mobile or computer, which is responsible for the coordination and management of the activity and sharing the resources of the mobile and computers. The operating system is an application program, which runs on the machine. It handles the details of the operation of the hardware of the computer or mobile. It makes easier to write application and manage the details about the application. The computer or mobiles include all most same types of operating system. It provides large number of services for application users as well as application program. The operating system operates the services like application of system call and program interface. The users can request for the services from the operating system, received the result from the operation and pass parameter. The users can type the command and using the graphic with the interaction of the operating system. The technology diffusion is the process by which of new ideas, technology, new process and new management spread with the economic. The technology helps to development and growth of the economy of the globe (Rosefielde, 2013). Literature Review The windows and the apple both are the operating system. The contribution of this assignment is too empirically and theoretical study which affect of the operating system on the product of the price for the retailers as well as whole sellers. The effect of operating system has focus on the competition between manufacturers but it does not effect on the retailers price. As per (Costantini and Mazzanti, 2013), the empirical research shows the price of the manufacturer in the market. In this assignment, operating system shows the effects of the operating system across different mobile and computers as well as laptops. The assignment makes further contribution by the estimating the dynamic development of the operating system. The windows 98 upgrade from window 95. The windows 98 called windows 97 previously but now it upgrade. The company believes that users want to use potential resources at low cost for the web technology. Development of Window Operating System Now a days Window is very essential for every individuals as well as corporate. It makes easily work. Microsoft launched the windows 1985. Microsoft launched Window 1.0 2.0 at 1990. It shows the fundamental aspect of the operating system. It allow to users to click to access the windows. Windows 98 founded in June 1998; it comes with number of new technology. It is the first windows, which helps to access the internet explorer. The users found that there is no difference between assessing the documents. Windows 2000 founded in February 2000, it launched specially for the laptop system or business desktop to run the software, which is, connect with internet explorer. The uses of the windows were printing the documents, access the internet site, access the file and network resources (Wessner, 2012). Windows XP founded in October 2001. In this operating system, the users can connect internet through wireless network. It was best selling product at that time in the market. Windows Vista was found in November 2006. It was more reliable, secure and easy to operate than Windows XP. It detached the problem in the hardware before the computer operates. It helps to protect the generation threat and helps to run the program faster than XP. Window 7 was found in October 2009. It came with latest technology like start up time, multi-touch support, improved performance and internet explorer 8. It also helps for virtual hard disk and improved windows. Windows 8 launched in 2012. It is totally difference from the Windows 7. The users can get confused to operate this operating system. The computer can start within second rather than minutes. It was advanced technology. The Microsoft also launched some operating system in the mobile devices. Windows Mobile was found in April 2000. It designed to operate similar desktop in the mobile as well as for look attractive for the phones. Windows Mobile 6.5 designed for the enterprise mobile and computing the devices. Microsoft launched Windows Phones in November 2010. The consumer of these mobile phones more than the computers. These phones helps to users to access the internet explore in the mobile itself. The Microsoft Company launches the upgraded window with the technology within the market. The company wants to update their operating system with new version and try to make easy to operate and carry. Development of Apple Operating System The project started in 1978. The objective of this operating system was that to low cost computers, and easy to use by users on the average cost. It was for average consumers. The Apple used the Xerox Alto concept to make the operating system. Apple made operating system like menu bar, drag and drop, pop up menus and direct manipulation. The apple launched 64 KB Mac ROM after launched by IBM 8 KB personal computers and it hold operating system code. Apple designed the icons of the operating system, which represent the files and the folders as well as application software. The company designed Microsoft Windows 3.0 and gave the name Macintosh Finder. The company was very aggressive in the advertisement of their new machine as well as product and services. The company was purchase all 39 pages of the advertisement in 1984 for the promotion of the company. The company got successful and sold out all the processor. The company developed the product name MacWorks. Later this operating sy stem got name operating system of the Apple Company. The company launched its first version of Mac operating system, which called only System. This operating system is totally difference from other operating system like windows. The Mac was the first operating system, which use completely graphic user interface. This application used for the file management, which was displayed on the desktop. This application included like printer driver, which was interact with the system. In 1985 apple launches the DSP and a high optical disk drive (Deutschman, 2000). Threats of Microsoft Window According to Porters Five Force, model the threats of the Windows Threat of new entry the majority share of the users of the operating system is windows. The competitors of the Windows in the operating system are Apple and the Max operating system X. the buyer of the window may lose due to new entry of the Apple and Linux. The Microsoft need to reduce the cost with the components chooses and takes cost advantage. Threats of Rivalry the threat of rivalry of the windows has less. The price of this operating system was less than other operating system like Apple and MacOS X. Threats of Substitutes the Mac OS X and Apple have made advanced operating system so it affects the Windows. The consumers want new and advanced product and service. The cost of Apple operating system is higher than the Windows. Threats of the Powerful Suppliers all suppliers want to supply to the Microsoft. The Microsoft offers good price for the raw material compare to others. The only threat for the Microsoft that it required large number of physical items for the production. Threats of Powerful buyers Microsoft deal with every part of the computer as well as laptop, which also include copy of the latest version of the Windows operating system. The brand image of the Windows in the buyers perception is good. It affects to those consumer who do not want to buy the Apple or Mac OS X operating system (Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne, 2011). Threats of Apple According to Porters Five Force, model the threats of Apple Threat of new entry the company has good brand image in the operating system market. Apple provides the ready market for supply of the services and goods. Apple give the 70 to 80 percent rate to their suppliers. The Next Google is the main threats for the Apple. If other similar company provides the online services like i tunes and audio with v card. Threats of the Powerful Suppliers the threat of this company in term of suppliers are supply of computer memory and processor. The companies who supply this item like IBM, Motorola and Intel. The suppliers of movies and television. If the other company will supply same product like Sony, Warner and Universal. Threats of Powerful buyers- the other company may give the same operating system at low price and better term. The consumers may reduce the money in the computers due to the downward growth of the economy. Threats of Substitutes the threats of substitute in the music system like XM and Sirius. The alternative is that to acquire the music through the CDs and DVDs. The alternative source for videos like cable, theatres and broadcast. Rise and Fall of Microsoft Vs Apple Now a day everyone follows, the modern technology industries watch Microsoft and Apple operating system. Apple can reduce the money on research and development cost. Microsoft dominated Apple last 20 years. Apple copied office and windows operating system of Microsoft every time. Microsoft gets benefits from the coping of operating system by Apple because Microsoft provides original operating system to the consumers. The battle took place between Microsoft and Apple last 20 years. The change began Microsoft Vs apple after coming of Steve Jobs at end of the last century. The Apple began with Apple Stores. Apple came out with IPod and iTunes. Microsoft started Windows XP and Windows Office. The company invested 10 billion of money to diversify itself to gain. Apple steeped up by ignoring of the Microsoft except wonderful commercial web and television. Apple came with media player like IPod and iTunes. Microsoft shipped new version of the operating system like Windows Vista and windows XP then windows7 and windows 8.it spent 10 billion amounts to diversify to gain (Ver, 2011). Microsoft gets down very badly for more than a decade and completely moved out from the mobile version. Microsoft reign the mobile device and the office business and windows was also decline. The company fails to publish facts and real number. The cloud revenue is gone up but the cost was also gone up. Apple sells everything well and earn profit and company will grow compare to Microsoft. Apple is able to report and count of the unit number of actual sells. Apple can also measure its profit and revenue in the major product lines. Therefore, Apple was growing and Microsoft was decline in the term of operating system. Microsoft and Apple tried to gone up during 1980 and 1990 but they cannot go up. When apple felt down then the Microsoft helped to apple to get up but apple did not help to Microsoft to recover. When apple collapsed under misdeed of the management then Microsoft put lock with illegal lock. Microsoft dominated for 20 years but apple suffered near death. Apple went bankrupt during the CEO of Steve Jobs. Apple remained nearby bankrupt while Microsoft became lazy technology and fat. Reference List David, P.A. "Clio and the Economics of QWERTY." American Economic Review 75 (1985),pp.332-37 Liebowitz, S. J., and S. E. Margolis. "Network Externality: An Uncommon Tragedy." Journal ofEconomic Perspectives 8 (1994): 133-150 Costantini, V. and Mazzanti, M. (2013). The dynamics of environmental and economic systems. Dordrecht: Springer. Deutschman, A. (2000). The second coming of Steve Jobs. New York: Broadway Books. Rosefielde, S. (2013). Asian economic systems. Singapore: World Scientific. Silberschatz, A., Galvin, P. and Gagne, G. (2011). Operating system concepts essentials. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons Inc. Ver, M. (2011). Dynamic load balancing based on live migration of virtual machines. Wessner, C. (2012). Building Hawaii's innovation economy. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.

Effects of Hydrotherapy Essay Example

Effects of Hydrotherapy Paper There are many alternative methods of health care available today. People that are disappointed with medical or surgical health care are turning to alternative methods to help themselves. Some alternative methods are positive through, acupuncture, therapeutic touch and hydrotherapy. These methods are used for several different reasons such as to reat chronic pain, reduce anxiety and stimulate healing. Hydrotherapy is an external application of water to the human body for therapeutic purposes. Hot water helps muscles to relax. Therefore, it reduces pain and improves circulation. Cold water lowers the bodies temperture so it reduces blood circulation, increases muscle tone and reduces swelling after an injury and reduces muscular pain. A patient who is weak and finds it hard to move an injured limb without aid maybe able to perform a full range of movements in a hydrotherapy pool. Polio victims and paraplegics may get great benefit form this form of physical therapy. It is easier for these people to move in water. Muscles only need to exert only a fraction of their normal effort to maintain a normal body posture in the water. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Hydrotherapy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Hydrotherapy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Hydrotherapy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Hydrotherapy is generally available as part of a spa therapy and has evolved into a separate form of treatment. Contemporary hydrotherapy pools are small, shallow, heated swimming pools. Some are circular and use jets to make the water swirl around. The water is usually chlorinated. Amoung the most popular is those in which the waters of natural springs are used. Thousands of people suffering from a wided variety of ailments frequent mineral baths in search of the cures attributed to local waters and muds. Although, physicians generally doubt that mineral water has any more healing power than regular water. To become a hydrotherapist you can take classes at a college especially for hydrotherapy, such as Canadian College of Massage and Hydrotherapy. Also taking jobs or volunteer jobs at clinics, is a good idea. In conclusion, there are several types of alternative methods of health care available for use. One of them is Hydrotherapy. Hydrotherapy is good for muscle relaxation, reducing pain, and improving circulation. Also, it increases muscle tone, reduces swelling after injury and reduces muscular pain. In addition, alternative methods of health care are becoming more and more popular, and job outlook for this career is excellent.

Mice of Men Essay Essays

Mice of Men Essay Essays Mice of Men Essay Essay Mice of Men Essay Essay By Golda Bhebhe. â€Å"Of Mice and Men. † In the novel â€Å"Of Mice and Men† by John Steinbeck we are introduced to two main characters, George Milton and Lennie Small. These men are close friends who travel together looking for employment in America in the 1930s. Lennie is quite a simple guy who sometimes gets into trouble. Steinbeck uses a range of writing techniques to portray Lennie and we are left at the end feeling very sad that he has had to die. When we first meet Lennie and George we immediately notice that George is the leader and Lennie is slower and seems to await instructions. George is described as a small and quick, dark of face, with restless eyes and sharp, strong feature. It also moves on to say that every part of him was defined: small, strong hands, slender arms, a thin and bony nose. The author creates a very masculine attractive imagine of George by making him look put together and neat with very chiselled bone structure which in society has always been considered very handsome. On the other hand Lennie is described as a huge man, shapeless of face, with large, pale eyes, with wide, sloping shoulders. This creates a very unattractive look for the character because he seems to be coming of slightly a large untidy man who doesn’t seem to take pride in the way he looks. When the two men first walk into the brush George is leading the way and Lennie is carefully following him. They were walking in single file down the path, and even in the open Lennie stayed behind George. This shows that Lennie is very dependent on George in the way that a child would be. The two men soon move into the wider world of the ranch and here we see how other people react to Lennie. Steinbeck evokes sympathy for Lennie when he shows the way other people react to him. The ranch workers at the start are very inquisitive and some even envious of Lennie George’s relationship. Some are slightly intimidated by Lennie because he is a big guy but they don’t know that he really a child at heart could never hurt anyone intentionally. One of the workers who are especially intimidated by Lennie is Curley. Curley is the boss’s son. He is a thin young man with brown face, with brown eyes and head of tightly curled hair. Curley seems to be intimidated by Lennie because of his large size and him being a small man feels the need to look down on him to make himself feel like a â€Å"big guy† because he knows Lennie can’t do anything because he is in the position of power. â€Å"Curley’s like a lot of little guys. He hates big guys. He’s alla time picking scraps with big guys. Kind of like he’s mad at’em because he aint a big guy. † This shows that Curley has always been jealous of bigger men. So he finds pleasure in bullying Lennie because usually it’s the other way round.

Steps and procedures to progulamte an OSHA standard Essay

Steps and procedures to progulamte an OSHA standard - Essay Example All these represent massive expenses to the company and even to the government and as such, each workplace is mandated by the Department of Labor to strictly comply with the OSH Act or the Williams-Steiger Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) which was passed by the US Congress in 1970. The objective of this act is to assure safety and healthy conditions for all workers in all private corporations (Is your company in compliance?). The OSHA Act compels all companies and institutions to protect the health and safety of its workers by providing education and training so that accidents due to carelessness or to failure to give proper instructions or to machine breakdown, be prevented. The reported annual bill due to work-related accidents has already reached almost $50 billion and thus there is urgency that the OSHA Act be strictly complied with (Bittel 1992, p.476). The OSHA Act clearly forces all employers and employees to comply with all standards set down by OSHA and which are contained in the journal called â€Å"Occupational Safety and Health Standards; National Consensus Standards and Established Federal Standards†, published by the Federal Register (Bittel 1992, p.478). These standards include radiation control, materials handling, electrical installations, exits, first-aid services, sort of mini-fire department in the The work of OSHA to regulate health and safety in the workplace is not yet over because according to reports, â€Å"between one half and two thirds of the known workplace carcinogens remain unregulated by OSHA standards† (Paehlke 1995, p. 503). Thus OSHA standards, must be promulgated to address protection of workers against these carcinogens, especially pesticides. The first step to promulgate an OSHA standard is the providing of notice to all parties who may be affected by the OSHA